A Guide to Silent Letters in French

Updated: June 19, 2023 by Mylene in Pronunciation Lessons  ▪ English Français  

Spelling words with silent letters is one of the most difficult challenges when learning the French language. Correctly pronouncing words with silent letters in French is a strong indicator that you’re nailing your French accent. If not, this pronunciation guide to silent letters in French will help you understand the basics of the French language pronunciation.

In this post, you’ll learn:

• Silent letters in French
• The essentials of silent letters in French
• An infographic with silent letters
• French letter silent E
• French letter silent H
• Silent consonants in French
• Pronounced final consonants
• Silent letters and liaisons
• Common questions about silent letters in French

Silent Letters in French

Knowing when to pronounce the silent letters (lettres muettes) in French is essentially the golden rule of learning to pronounce words in the French language. You can try to guess (or probably not). Plus, even if you try, you really won’t get much for it because there are so many silent letters in the French language.

In fact, the French language favors the occurrence of silent letters at the end of words, and, consequently, silent-letter endings are often a major source of inconsistency in the French orthography (source this research article).

Now, this might give you the impression that you’ll never quite master French. That’s not true. Instead, it’s better to start from the beginning to understand the basic rules for learning how to pronounce silent letters in French words.

To go beyond this quick pronunciation guide to silent letters in French, check the guide to learning French pronunciation.

The essentials of silent letters in French

One of the most essential steps, as explained in this pronunciation guide to silent letters, is to remember the following rules to improve your French pronunciation. First, let’s break down the most common silent letters and the essential rules around them. There are three types of silent letters in French:

• Silent E
• Silent H
• Final consonants

Yes, French spelling can be confusing. The spelling of words doesn’t always correspond exactly to what the speakers actually pronounce.

Common silent letters in French

In French, the letters -e and -h are commonly silent in numerous words. To make it easier, I made the following videos to explain the basics of each of these silent letters in the French language.

Silent letters and plural

In Plural, most French words have an -s added to the end of the word, but this last -s is not pronounced.

Example: une étoile (a star), des étoiles (stars). The -s is muted.

In Plural some French words add an -x, the last -x is not pronounced.

Example: un hibou (owl), des hiboux (owls). The -x is muted.

Silent final consonants in French

The basic rule of French pronunciation is that the final consonant is not pronounced, but there are many exceptions.

Some consonants are pronounced: -c, -r, -f, -l, -k, -q, and -b.

You can remember the most recurrent ones by recalling the word CaReFuL. Indeed, the letters -k, -q and -b are rare at the end of a word.

Example: un sac (bag), un chef (chief), de l’or (gold), un fil (wire).

As we must account for every idle word, so must we account for every idle silence. Benjamin Franklin

An infographic with silent letters in French

French letter silent E

In French, -e is the most common silent letter that you will encounter. It is also the only vowel that isn’t always pronounced. When the letter –e placed at the end of a word is after a consonant, it is not pronounced. For example, the -e at the end of the word voiture (car) is normally not pronounced. Check the following article, to discover the rules that explain the pronunciation of the mute E.

There is an important exception that you should know. If it is a small word, the -e is not silent.  For example:

• te (you, yourself) : [tə] 
• le (the) : [lə]
• de (of): [də] 
• se (itself) : [sə] 
• ce (it) : [də] 
• je (I) : [ʒə] 
• ne (particle used in the negative construction ne…pas) : [nə] 
• que (that) : [kə] 

Be careful to pronounce the e correctly in these little words to respect the rhythm of the French language.

Watch this video to learn how to pronounce the silent letter E in French. To follow more updates, subscribe to the YouTube channel and follow me on Instagram.

French letter silent H

The letter -h is usually found at the beginning of a word in French. For instance, the word hibou.

Exception:

The letter -h is not silent if it is part of a letter combination like ch or ph at the beginning of a word in French.

Find out more about the pronunciation of the letter h: h muet and h aspiré in French.

Watch this video to learn how to pronounce the silent letter H in French. To follow more updates, subscribe to the YouTube channel and follow me on Instagram.

Silent consonants in French

Silent consonants are common in French. Almost every letter can be silent except j and v. But I’ll give some rules to better understand when a consonant is pronounced or silent. In this section, we’ll ignore digraphs such as ch, gn, ph. And we’ll not talk about the nasal consonants m and n. These nasal consonants when final or preceding a consonant ordinarily nasalize a preceding vowel, but are not themselves pronounced.

Let’s start with the silent consonants, and then I’ll give some exceptions.

Words ending with nc and ng

The final consonant in the following words is silent in French:

• blanc (white): [blɑ̃] 
• long (long): [lɔ̃] 

There are some exceptions. For example, the final consonant -c in the word donc is not silent. It is pronounced in French.

Words ending with p

When a word ends with the French consonant -p, the -p is not pronounced, and once again it is a silent letter in French. For example:

• beaucoup (a lot): [boku] 
• trop (too many): [tʁo]

Words ending with d and t

The letters -d and -t are silent letters at the end of French verbs:

• on part (we leave):  [paʁ] 
• elle attend (she waits): [atɑ̃] 

Similarly, -d and -t are silent at the end of the singular nouns:

• le nord (north): [nɔʁ]
• un concert (a concert): [kɔ̃sɛʁ] 

Final -ent is silent as a third-person plural verb ending, though it is pronounced in other cases:

• ils achètent (they buy): [aʃɛt]
• les amis vendent (the friends sell): [vɑ̃d]

There are some exceptions that you need to know. The letters -d and -t are pronounced at the end of the following French words:

• ouest (west): [wɛst] 
• sud (south): [syd] 
• est (east): [ɛst] 

Words ending with s or with x

In French, -s and -x are silent letters at the end of a word. Here are some cases:

1. The articles: les, des, etc.
2. The pronouns: nous, vous, eux, etc.
3. The verbs: je vis (I live), tu veux ( you want), etc.
4. Singular nouns: le choix (the choice), le temps (the time), etc.

As mentioned earlier, never pronounce the plural markers:

• Les enfants (the children): [ɑ̃fɑ̃] 
• Les pommes (apples): [pɔm]

However, there are some words that end with the letter -s and in which the letter -s is pronounced. Here are some examples:

• le bus (the bus): [bys]
• un ours (the bear): [uʁs] 
• un fils (a son): [fis] 

Note that the letter -l is not pronounced in the word fils: fils is pronounced [fis].

Words ending with z

The letter -z is silent in French at the end of a verb such as:

• mangez (eat): [mɑ̃ʒe] 
• vous allez (you’re going): [ale] 

It is also the case in the following prepositions and adverbs, like in the word “assez” (enough). And in the singular nouns, such as in “le riz” (rice). There are some expectations where the letter -z is pronounced at the end of a word, for example, le gaz.

To learn more about the rules around the pronunciation of the letter S in French, go check out the associated article When does S Sound like Z in French?

Words borrowed from English

In words borrowed from English, a final consonant is usually pronounced:

• le parking
• le meeting 

Watch this video to discover the cases where the consonant is pronounced and the cases where the consonant is a silent letter.

When to pronounce final consonants in French

You’ll notice that all of these words have one syllable (occasionally two). This generalization has a few exceptions, but I find it helpful to remember the word CareFuL. Please check the pronunciation in a dictionary for words ending with -c, -r, -f or -l if you’re not sure.

Words ending with the letter c

The letter -c is pronounced in words like:

• avec (with): [avɛk]
• le sac (the bag): [sak]

But it isn’t pronounced in words like:

• porc (pork): [pɔʁ] 
• estomac (stomach): [ɛstoma] 

Words ending with the letter r

The letter -r is pronounced in words like:

• cher (expensive): [ʃɛʁ] 
• partir (to leave): [paʁtiʁ] 

However, in final -er is usually pronounced /e/

• chanter (to sing): [ʃɑ̃te] 
• premier (first): [pʁəmje] 
• entier (entire): [ɑ̃tje] 
• dernier (last): [dɛʁnje] 

Words ending with the letter f

The letter –f is pronounced in the following French words:

• neuf (nine): [nœf]
• soif (thirst): [swaf]

But it isn’t pronounced in:

• nerf (nerve): [nɛʁ]

Words ending with the letter l

The letter -l is pronounced at the end of the following words:

• avril (April): [avʁil]
• nul (nul): [nyl]
• péril (danger): [peʁil]

As for the exceptions, you should know that the final -l is usually silent after the letter -i like in:

• gentil (nice): [ʒɑ̃ti] 
• outil (tool): [uti] 
• terril (heap): [teʁi] 
• coutil (ticking): [kuti] 

Silent letters and liaisons

Final consonants that might be silent in other contexts (finally or before another consonant) may seem to reappear in pronunciation in liaison. 

For example, the letter -s in “elles” is pronounced as follows when making the liaison in French: Elles arrivent is pronounced like elle.Z.arrivent.

Note that any consonant followed by the letters -e or -es are pronounced at the end of a word. The letter -e itself is usually not pronounced, it only signals the pronunciation of the preceding consonant. 

For example: Petite is pronounced /pətit/: little.

Of course, there are always exceptions, but if you remember just this, for now, it will be wonderful!  So yes, there is a way to conquer those crazy French silent letters that I briefly describe in this article.

Looking for a course to learn French online? Get started today with our online French courses, where I teach silent letters and go deeper into the details of various French lessons.

Some common questions about silent letters

What is the origin of silent letters in French?​

These letters were once pronounced in Old French, and then have been abandoned as the language evolved. Many of the letters of the alphabet are pronounced the same way in French, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish. This is proof that the original Latin pronunciation has survived.

When the French silent letters are useful?​

The French silent letters are useful in the following contexts:

• Some silent letters distinguish the gender of a noun grammatically.
• Others denote the number or plurality of a noun.
• And then, of course, there’s verb agreement.

It is important to remember that silent letters allow us to:

• Determine the etymology of a word.
• Understand the meaning of a word even if two words have the same pronunciation. For instance: poids (weight) and pois (pea).

What are some tips to find whether a word has a silent letter?

Here are two key principles to follow to find out if there is a silent letter at the end of a French word.

• Pick a word from the same family and try pronouncing it. Take for example the words chat (cat) and chaton (kitten). So you can guess there is a -t at the end of the word chat.
• Find out the feminine word. For instance, the word gris (grey) ==> grise (grey). You can easily guess that there is a silent -s at the end of the word gris.

How common are silent letters in French?

One recent research estimated that 28% of French words end with a silent letter. And this doesn’t consider all the silent letters at the beginning or in the middle of French words.

What is the most common silent letter in French?

In French, the letters e and h are the most common silent letters that you will encounter. We study this in-depth in the Effortless French pronunciation course, as it is an important topic at the core of French pronunciation.

Thanks for reading! 

If you’d like to know more about other silent letters in the French language and the French pronunciation, please email me or connect with me on YouTube or Instagram.